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Many memory impairments exist as a result from or cause of eating disorders. ''Eating Disorders (ED)'' are characterized by abnormal and disturbed eating patterns that affect the lives of the individuals who worry about their weight to the extreme. These abnormal eating patterns involve either inadequate or excessive food intake, affecting the individual's physical and mental health. In regard to mental health, individuals with eating disorders appear to have ''memory impairments'' in executive functioning, visual-spatial ability, divided and sustained attention, verbal functioning, learning, and memory.〔Lena, S. M, Fiocco, A. J, & Leyenaar, J. K, (2004). The role of cognitive deficits in the development of eating disorders. Neuropsychology Review. 14, 99 - 113〕 Some memory impairments found in individuals with ED, are due to nutritional deficiencies, as well as various cognitive and attentional biases. Neurobiological differences have been found in individuals with ED compared to healthy individuals, and these differences are reflected in specific memory impairments. There are certain treatments and effects of treatments, aimed at these ED-specific memory impairments. Animal research and areas of future research in relation to ED and memory, are also integral to understanding the effects of ED on memory. There are three particular diagnoses of eating disorders that have been linked to memory impairments including Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS). ==Eating Disorders, Diagnosis, & Symptoms== According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition-Text revision (DSM-IV-TR): Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a specific diagnosis of eating disorder characterized by an irrational fear of weight gain, leading to a restriction of food intake. Some additional diagnostic criteria for AN include: * A maintained body weight of 85% of normal body weight〔American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) ed. 2000. ISBN 0-89042-025-4. Bulimia Nervosa.〕 * Fear of gaining weight despite being underweight〔 * Disturbance in how body weight and shape is experienced, influences self-evaluation, or denial of how serious the low body weight is〔 * Amenorrhea〔 Additional symptoms include preoccupation with food, recipes or cooking rituals,〔Pietrowsky, R., Krug, R., Fehm, H.L., & Born, J. (2002). Food deprivation fails to affect preoccupation with thoughts of food in anorexic patients. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 41, 321–6.〕 depression,〔Lucka, I. (2004). Depression syndromes in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Psychiatria Polska. 38, 4, 621–9.〕 and hair loss or thinning, and cognitive dysfunctions including impairments in attention, executive functioning, verbal and visual memory, and visuospatial abilities.〔Bayless, J. D., Kanz, J. E., Moser, D. J., McDowell, B. D., Bowers, W. A., Andersen, A. E., & Paulsen, J. S. (2002).Neuropsychological characteristics of patients in a hospital-based eating disorder program. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 14, 203–207.〕〔Green, R. E. A., Melo, B., Christensen, B., Monette, G., Bradbury, C., & Ngo, L. (2008). Measuring premorbid IQ in traumatic brain injury: An examination of the validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 1–10.〕〔Lauer, C. J., Gorzewski, B., Gerlinghoff, M., Backmund, H., & Zihl, J. (1999). Neuropsychological assessments before and after treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 129–138.〕〔Tchanturia, K., Brecelj Anderluh, M., Morris, R. G., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Collier, D. A., Sanchez, P., & Treasure, J. L. (2004). Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 513–520.〕 Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is another specific diagnosis of eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binging and purging behaviour. Binging behaviour involves the action of eating a large amount of food in a short period of time. Purging behaviours can include acts of self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting or excessive exercise.〔 Additional diagnostic criteria include: * Having the binge eating and compensatory behaviours occur on an average of at least twice a week for three months〔 * The individual’s self-evaluation is excessively influenced by body shape and weight〔 * These disturbances do not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa〔 Additional signs and symptoms include dehydration, esophagitis, constipation, infertility, peptic ulcers, weight fluctuations and severe dental erosions. Cognitive impairments have been found in executive control, information processing and emotional processing. Eating Disorder Not Other Wise Specified (EDNOS) is characterized by variations of different eating disorder-like behaviours that do not meet any specific criteria for AN or BN.〔American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) ed. 2000. ISBN 0-89042-025-4. Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.〕 These variations include: * The criteria for anorexia nervosa are met with the exception of an absence of menses〔 * The criteria for anorexia nervosa are met except the individual’s current weight is in the normal range despite a significant weight loss〔 * The criteria for bulimia nervosa are met except binge eating and purging/compensatory mechanisms occur less than twice a week for a duration of three months〔 * Inappropriate compensatory behaviours occur after eating small amounts of food by an individual of normal body weight〔 * The behavioural act of chewing, spitting out, and not swallowing a large amount of food〔 Binge Eating Disorder (BED) falls under the category of EDNOS, and is characterized by the frequent and persistent episodes of binge eating, accompanied by subsequent feelings of loss of control and distress when regular compensatory behaviours are not present.〔Wilson, G. T., Wilfley, D.E. , Agras, W.S. , & Bryson, S. W. (2010) Psychological treatments of binge eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 67, 94-101.〕 *Obesity is seen in 65% of those with BED and increases progressively over time with binge eating behaviour.〔Striegel-Moore, R.H., Cachelin, F. M., Dohm, F. A., Pike, K. M., Wilfley, D. E., & Fairburn CG (2001) Comparison of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa in a community sample. Int J Eat Disord. 29, 157–165.〕 Obesity is an accumulation of body fat that is excessive and abnormal to the point that presents health risks.〔Obesity and overweight. WHO. Descriptive Note No 311. September 2006.〕 Individuals are considered obese if they have a BMI of 30 or more.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eating disorders and memory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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